Groundwater can play a vital part in keeping the UK’s water supply flowing, but we need to ensure that we monitor levels and rates of extraction during dry spells.

During the summer of 2022 concern for water resources has focused on heatwaves and the lack of rainfall. These factors combine to cause low flows in rivers, low stocks in reservoirs and increased demand for water.  One aspect of the drought that has received less attention is groundwater.

The importance of groundwater

Groundwater plays an important role in water supply in the UK, both for agriculture and irrigation and for public supply:

• nationally, 30 per cent of public supply comes from groundwater
• this rises to 50 per cent in the south-east of England
• in some localised regions, 100 per cent of public supply is from groundwater

Just as important is groundwater’s role in sustaining flows in rivers and to wetlands during dry conditions. Although dry weather may cause winterbournes - streams that flow only after wet weather, usually in limestone or chalk areas - to naturally dry up, it is during drought we appreciate just how essential groundwater is. BGS works in partnership with environmental regulators and the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology to regularly assess the status of groundwater stocks and forecast how we expect them to respond in the future.

Since groundwater is out of sight below the ground it receives less attention than rivers, lakes and reservoirs. However, there is another reason for the current lack of attention; at the time of writing, groundwater in the UK has not yet been affected by the drought to the same extent as surface water and it’s helping bridge the supply gap left by the lack of rainfall that is affecting surface-water reservoirs.

Groundwater’s relationship with rainfall

Aquifers act as natural reservoirs that fill (recharge) from rainfall in wet winter months. During the summer, rainfall doesn’t normally reach the aquifers because any rain is taken up by wetting the soil, growing vegetation, or evaporating back to the atmosphere. Water that has been stored in these aquifers during winter can be drawn upon in dry summer months, providing an important and secure source of water in dry conditions. We are fortunate that even the driest parts of the UK, in the south and east of England, are underlain by a productive Chalk aquifer (the Chalk Group).

Record of levels at West Woodyates Manor, an observation well in Dorset. The graph shows the observed water level and the minimum, maximum and average levels for each calendar month. BGS © UKRI

The situation in 2022

Last year (2021) was an average year for rainfall in the UK and, at the start of 2022, groundwater levels in the UK’s largest aquifers were also at average levels. The dry spring of 2022 meant that aquifers stopped filling from winter recharge earlier than they normally would and levels have fallen during the summer slightly faster than normal. Although levels are now at below normal to notably low levels in parts of the UK, they aren’t yet exceptionally low, except along the coast in the south-east of England and in South Wales. Aquifers here have relatively low storage and respond rapidly to rainfall, or a lack of rainfall. We publish a monthly Hydrological Summary that reviews the status of rivers and groundwater.

How low groundwater levels affect the environment

The impact of low groundwater levels is first felt in two ways. Outflow to rivers is reduced, particularly those rivers that depend most on groundwater. Bourne streams in Chalk areas are an extreme example; the upper part of the stream will dry in a normal summer, but this year even more of their length will be dry. Secondly, low groundwater levels mean there is reduced water availability for abstraction.

The Hughenden Stream, a tributary of the River Wye, is an intermittent chalk stream that only flows when groundwater levels in the surrounding Chiltern Hills are high enough. © Copyright Des Blenkinsopp and licensed for reuse under this Creative Commons Licence

Could this affect water supply?

Larger sources used by water companies for public supply are usually sited in the parts of the aquifers where groundwater supplies are most resilient and reliable, so they aren’t affected in the early part of a drought. Smaller supplies for isolated communities, individual households and farming are often in less productive parts of aquifers and their yield can reduce or ultimately dry up.

Large public supplies tend to be affected in the later stages of a drought. Groundwater is managed in the UK under a system of abstraction licences; the total amount of water that can be extracted from an individual aquifer is controlled to ensure supplies are shared between users and to minimise the effect of pumping on rivers and wetlands. In England, this is undertaken by the Environment Agency.

It is common for licences to specify that pumping groundwater should reduce or cease when water levels drop below specified limits, or when flow in rivers that depend on groundwater drops too low. However, if droughts get really intense, pumping groundwater may be our only option to maintain essential supplies.

Taking in the harvest during drought on the Chalk downland of the Berkshire Downs, Hampsted Norreys, August 2022. John Bloomfield BGS © UKRI

How BGS is involved

BGS uses data collected during previous droughts to calibrate computer models of aquifers and combines the models with forecast weather data to estimate how groundwater will behave over the coming months. These groundwater predictions are further combined with colleagues’ predictions for river flow to produce a monthly Hydrological Outlook.

What is the current outlook for groundwater resources?

Our models allow us to be confident that levels in aquifers will remain low to notably low, and exceptionally low (defined as below the level expected once every 20 years) in only a few places for the next one-to-three months.

It is harder to predict how quickly groundwater levels in aquifers will recover beyond October 2022. We will need above average winter rainfall to recover levels back to where we started in early spring 2022 and another dry winter that fails to replenish aquifers back to normal levels could leave groundwater much more vulnerable to drought in 2023.

Groundwater and climate change

We can use similar modelling techniques to consider how aquifers might respond to climate change. Hotter summers, particularly over the Chalk, may result in increased rates of groundwater recession, while changes in the timing and length of the recharge season may also influence groundwater storage in the future. These are both areas of active BGS research. However, if hotter, drier summers do become more common, groundwater’s role as a safe storage reservoir to capture winter rainfall may become even more important in the future.

The current drought highlights not only how fortunate the UK is to have aquifers that can provide a degree of resilience for water supply, but also the importance of protecting groundwater quality and conserving this resource as a defence against serious shortages during longer droughts.

Dr John Bloomfield, BGS Groundwater Sustainability team leader, BGS Wallingford

Andrew McKenzie, Groundwater information manager, BGS Wallingford

KeyFacts Energy Industry Directory: British Geological Survey